Why in NEWS
Scientists from IIT Delhi and DRDO have successfully demonstrated an ultra-secure, entanglement-based free-space quantum communication system.
Using photons and the principle of quantum entanglement, this technology enables tamper-proof transmission of information through air, marking a major milestone under India’s National Quantum Mission (2023–2031).
Key Concepts
| Term/Concept | Description |
|---|---|
| Quantum Communication | A method of transmitting information using quantum mechanics principles, ensuring ultra-secure data transfer. |
| Quantum Entanglement | A phenomenon where the states of two particles are interlinked regardless of the distance between them. |
| Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) | A protocol to exchange encryption keys securely using quantum properties of photons. |
| Free-space QKD | Quantum key transmission through open air instead of optical fibre. |
| QBER | Quantum Bit Error Rate – indicates the error rate during QKD transmission. |
| National Quantum Mission (NQM) | India’s strategic initiative to develop quantum computing, communication, sensing, and materials. |
News in Simple Terms
- DRDO and IIT Delhi achieved secure key exchange using entangled photons over a 1 km open-air link, resisting atmospheric noise and artificial light.
- Secure key rate achieved: 240 bits/second.
- Builds upon India’s earlier milestones:
- 2022: Vindhyachal–Prayagraj intercity quantum fibre link.
- 2023: 380 km QKD over telecom fibre.
- 2024: 100 km QKD demonstration.
Quantum Communication & Entanglement Explained
| Concept | Details |
|---|---|
| Quantum Communication | Uses quantum mechanics (like superposition and entanglement) for secure data transfer. Includes QKD, quantum teleportation, and dense coding. |
| Quantum Entanglement | Two particles become interconnected; measuring one instantly determines the other. Enables ultra-secure communication. |
| QKD Working | Qubits (photons) carry encryption keys. Any interception disturbs them, alerting users of intrusion. Enables tamper-evident encryption. |
Types of QKD
| Type | Description |
|---|---|
| Prepare-and-Measure QKD | One party prepares quantum states; the other measures. Intrusions change the state. |
| Entanglement-Based QKD | Entangled photons are sent to two parties. Correlated measurements ensure security. |
What is National Quantum Mission (NQM)?
| Aspect | Details |
|---|---|
| Launched | Approved in 2023, for 2023–2031 |
| Part of | PM-STIAC Missions |
| Aim | Make India a global quantum leader |
| Components | – Quantum Computing (50–1000 qubits) – Satellite-based Quantum Communication – High-precision quantum sensors – Four Thematic Hubs (T-Hubs) |
| Strategic Uses | Defence, cybersecurity, navigation, telecom, banking |
Key NQM Initiatives
| Organisation | Contribution |
|---|---|
| DRDO | Developing quantum-safe protocols and encryption algorithms |
| SETS | Post-Quantum Cryptography (PQC) for IoT, FIDO authentication |
| C-DoT | QKD, quantum-secure video IP phones, PQC for telecom security |
In a Nutshell
Memory Code: “ENTANGLE SECURE INDIA”
E – Entanglement-based QKD
S – Secure key exchange in free space
I – IIT Delhi + DRDO collaboration
N – National Quantum Mission
D – Defence & cyber security impact
I – Innovation in quantum fibre + satellite tech
A – Advanced sensing & communication
Prelims Practice Questions
- What is the main principle used in entanglement-based quantum communication?
A. Classical optics
B. Quantum tunnelling
C. Quantum entanglement
D. Magnetic resonance - Which of the following is NOT a component of India’s National Quantum Mission?
A. Quantum teleportation satellites
B. Quantum computing infrastructure
C. Post-quantum cryptography
D. Thematic Hubs for quantum tech - What alerts users to eavesdropping attempts in Quantum Key Distribution?
A. Message delay
B. Colour change in photons
C. Measurement errors/disturbance in qubits
D. Thermal fluctuations
Mains Practice Questions
- (GS Paper 3 – Science & Technology)
What is Quantum Key Distribution (QKD)? Discuss its relevance for India’s national security in the context of recent developments under the National Quantum Mission. - (GS Paper 3 – Defence and Technology)
Evaluate India’s progress in quantum technologies. What role can the National Quantum Mission play in securing India’s cyber and communication infrastructure?
Prelims Answers with Explanation
| Q No. | Answer | Explanation |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | C | Quantum entanglement is the core principle of this communication method. |
| 2 | A | While quantum teleportation exists in theory, satellite deployment for it is not yet part of India’s NQM. |
| 3 | C | Any disturbance in quantum bits during QKD alerts users to tampering. |
